COMPOUND NOUNS - COMBINATIONS OF TWO NOUNS

A compound noun is a fixed expression wich is made up of more than one word and functions as a noun. Such expressions are frequently combinations of two nouns, ex: addres book, human being, science fiction

Compound nouns may be written as two words ex: tin opener, bank account,
or they may be written a hyphen instead of a space between the words ex: pen-name, baby-sitter

Sometimes they may be written as one word ex: earring


Compound nouns may be countable, uncountable or only used in either the singular or the plural. There are examples of each of these types below. Check that understand the meanings of each of the expressions listed. If you understand both elements of the expression, the meaning will usually be clear. If the meaning is not fairly obvious, then it is provided below.

Usually the main stress is on the first part of the compound but sometimes it is on the second part. The word wich contains the main stress is underlined in the compound nouns below.

Here are some examples of common countable compound nonus:

alarm clock                  assembly line          blood donor                 book token
burglar alarm              contact lens             credit card                     handcuts
heart attack                 package holiday     pedestrian crossing    shoe horn
tea-bag                        windscreen              windscreen wiper        youth hostel


Here are some examples of common uncountable compound nonus they are never used with an article:

air-traffic control      birth control           blood pressure          cotton wool
data-processing     family planning      food poisonning        pocket money
income tax              junk food                mail order                     hay fever

 

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MEGALOPOLIS

French geographer Jean Gottmann (1915-1994) studied the northeastern United States during the 1950s and published a book in 1961 that described the region as a vast metropolitan area over 500 miles long stretching from Boston in the north to Washington, D.C. in the south. This area (and the title of Gottmann's book) is Megalopolis.
The term Megalopolis is derived from Greek and means "very large city." A group of Ancient Greeks actually planned to construct a huge city on the Peloponnese Peninsula. Their plan didn't work out but the small city of Megalopolis was constructed and exists to this day.

 Gottmann's Megalopolis (sometimes referred to as BosWash for the northern and southern tips of the area) is a very large functional urban region that "provides the whole of America with so many essential services, of the sort a community used to obtain in its 'downtown' section, that it may well deserve the nickname of 'Main Street of the nation.'" (Gottmann, 8) The Megalopolitan area of BosWash is a governmental center, banking center, media center, academic center, and until recently, an immigration center (a position usurped by Los Angeles in recent years).

 Acknowledging that while, "a good deal of the land in the 'twilight areas' between the cities remains green, either still farmed or wooded, matters little to the continuity of Megalopolis," (Gottmann, 42) Gottmann expressed that it was the economic activity and the transportation, commuting, and communication linkages within Megalopolis that mattered most.
 

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HAVE TO / HAVE GOT TO

Form: has/have + to + infinite

• Affirmative and negative

I                                    He      has
We      have                   She    doesn´t have
You     don´t have          It
They

• Question

         I                                                                    he
Do   We          have to  work hard?          Does      she               have to work hard?
       you                                                                  it
       they

• Short answer

Do you have to wear a uniform?  Yes, I do

Does he have to go now? No, He doesn´t

Note: the past tense of have to is had to, with did and didn´t in the question and negative
ex: I had to get up early this morning.
     Why did you have to work last weekend?
      They liked the hotel bacause they didn´t have to do any cooking.